Regulation of prostitution: controversy throughout the European Union

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The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 urging all member states to outlaw the practice. However, each country has its own, distinct legislation

A 2019 United Nations study states that 39% of Spanish men have ever paid for sexual services. These data place us at the head of Europe and as the third country in the world in which more prostitution is consumed. Last June, the Organic Law proposal -presented by the socialist group- to modify the Penal Code and “prohibit pimping in all its forms” was passed in Congress. The legal text proposes to punish anyone who pays in exchange for acts “of a sexual nature” with a fine of between 12 and 24 months. In addition, the vote was one of the most curious in the Lower House in recent memory: with the support of the PSOE, the PP and part of Podemos, since the seven deputies of En Comú voted against. In addition, ERC, Vox, Bildu and PNV abstained.

In European terms, the so-called gender equality, which includes prostitution of simpleescorts.com and scorts quito, is a matter for the Union. The Community Parliament -which congregates the will of the citizens of the 27 member countries- resolved in 2014 that “prostitution and forced prostitution are forms of slavery contrary to human dignity and Fundamental Rights”; and urged all Union bodies to legislate in favor of abolition.

However, the very complexity of the EU has meant that each State has codified prostitution as if it were an open bar. For a Union law to go ahead, a triple consensus is needed between the Parliament (which represents the citizens’ vote), the Commission (whose job is to look after the supranational interest), and the Council (in which each country defends its own positions). Thus – and despite the fact that the 2014 resolution on prostitution ends by saying that the European Parliament “instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and the Commission” – no step has yet been taken towards common legislation.

Each country on its own

Prostitution in Spain is currently in a situation of alegality, in which consumption is neither permitted nor punishable. In fact, the Penal Code punishes forced pimping and exploitation, but does not mention any other cases. This laissez faire situation exists in other European Union countries, such as Portugal, Italy and the Czech Republic and escorts santiago of simpleescorts website.

Other Member States have decided to embrace in the last two lustrums the Parliament’s resolution, implementing the so-called Nordic model, which criminalizes clients, just as the Spanish Executive wants to do. In 2016 France decided to pass a law that punishes with 1,500 euros, 3,750 in case of recidivism, those who pay for obtaining sexual services. In addition, the regulation created a two-year program to help women who leave prostitution. For its part, Ireland also went a step further and in 2017 brought forward a regulation that penalizes citizens who obtain sex for remuneration, as they consider that this is the best way to protect women vulnerable to prostitution.

However, many central European countries, such as Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Switzerland, have chosen to legalize the consumption of prostitution. Consequently, as in Greece, paying for services of a sexual nature is fully permitted, and therefore controlled and taxed. For example, according to the German Statistical Office, in 2019 there were 40,369 prostitutes with a valid registration in that country. A business that, legally, turns over millions of euros a year.

Institutions of the European Union

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The institutions of the European Union promote the integration of nations through political and economic actions in different aspects common to member countries.

What is the European Union?

The European Union is a geopolitical entity made up of 27 countries and 7 institutions to which the member states validate their powers to carry out actions on behalf of the body as an international community.

To fulfill its objective, it has contributed to creating a single international market that benefits the member countries of the community, which enjoy privileges and rights in the personal sphere, goods, services and capital, as if it were the same country.

The European Union is an international porno romanesti body governed by an internal system that follows the guidelines of participatory democracy.

This means that the member countries elect officials to represent the interests of each of the nations, in different areas.

Institutions that make up the European Union

The European Union is governed by an internal system that integrates a total of 7 filme xxx institutions:

  • European Parliament
  • European Council
  • Council of the European Union
  • European Comission
  • Court of Justice of the European Union
  • Court of Accounts
  • European Central Bank

Among them, the European Council stands out, which carries out political orientations and foreign representation of the member countries of the community.

While the Parliament and the Council of the European Community have the authority to create futai laws and make legislative decisions.

Other bodies that intervene in the functions of the European Union are the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions, the European Ombudsman, the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

European Parliament

The European Parliament, also known as the European Parliament, exercises a legislative function within the European Union.

It is made up of 705 deputies who are elected every 5 years by universal suffrage, by citizens of the European Union.

Regarding the functions of Parliament, these are divided into three different areas, the institution examines European legislation, approves the budget of the aforementioned body and controls the performance of other institutions.

It approves international agreements, the admission of new members nimfomane and trade agreements between the countries of the European Union with other nations.

European council

It is made up of 27 Heads of State of the member countries, also belonging to this institution, the President of the European Commission and the highest authority of the Council.

Its functions basically consist of establishing guidelines and political objectives in relevant aspects at the international level.

Council of the European Union

It is the institution that integrates representatives of each of the member states that hold ministerial office, which is why it is also usually called the Council of Ministers.

Its main function is to define and coordinate the terms of the policies implemented in international treaties.

European Comission

It controls compliance with the policies issued by the international organization, is in charge of the legislative initiative and is in charge of defending the treaties of the European Union, it is independent of the governments of the member countries.

Court of Justice of the European Union

The Court of Justice exercises community legal powers between the member countries. Its mission is to interpret and apply the Law from the supranational authority.

Court of accounts

The court of accounts is in charge of the supervision of the monetary funds belonging to the community.

It is in charge of the supervision and control of the assets of the European Union, for which it prepares an annual report that is analyzed by Parliament and the Council, with the aim of approving the budget for the coming year.

European Central Bank

The European Central Bank directs monetary policies of the countries of the continent. The objective pursued by this institution is to provide price stability in the euro zone.

Origin and objectives of the European Union

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The origin of the European Union dates back to the difficult times of the Second World War, it was founded with the aim of overcoming the economic crisis and promoting peace and well-being among the citizens of the continent.

The European Union

The European Union is an international geopolitical institution that watches over the interests of the member countries and their economic and political treaties that they carry out with nations that do not belong to the community.

It is a political community of international law, which was created to promote the integration and distribution of common goods throughout the European territory.

The European Union has developed a system with political and legal bases with very particular characteristics, which basically refer to a transnational form of government that shows similarities to multilateral cooperation agreements between countries.

The foundation of the organization is to promote integration between nations, promoting and controlling common policies seeking to achieve the much desired economic and social progress in a peaceful and equitable manner.

Origins

In 1951 the nations of France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and West Germany, united under the initiative of Winston Churchill and Robert Schuman, in what was called the European Coal and Steel Community, which had international competition.

At the beginning of its functions, the body was based on three pre-existing communities, the Coal and Steel Community, the Atomic Energy Community, the European Economic Community, and then the Common Foreign Policy and Judicial and Police Cooperation were added.

A new international organization arises according to the parameters of the Treaty of the European Union which have been in force since November 1, 1993. The institution has a single currency, a flag and an anthem.

On December 1, 2009, a significant change occurred, which was established in the Lisbon Treaty, where the organization assumed a single legal personality subject to International Law.

Characteristics of the European Union

The European Union is governed by its own internal legislation, which combines elements of multilateral cooperation.

It is structured as a supranational entity, which means that the member countries give up part of their international powers for integration and the common good.

The Legal Order of the European Union governs the operation and determines the competences of the organization. It presents differences with international law and with the internal political regulations of each member country.

From this type of particular legislation, principles such as European Citizenship or the monetary union that manifests itself in the system for the implementation of the Euro have emerged.

Goals

The objectives of the European Union are established in its internal guidelines, its regulations are based on seeking continental unification for the benefit of the countries that make up the body.

The international community has the following objectives and powers, as indicated in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union:

  • The fundamental objective that gave rise to the organization and is still in force, is to promote peace and human values ​​to promote a better world for its citizens.
  • Offer a territory of freedom, security and justice without border limits.
  • Promote balanced economic development and promote a stable market.
  • Promote the creation of sources of education, employment and social progress.
  • Promote the development of sustainable cities and the protection of the environment.
  • Penalize and combat social exclusion and discrimination by all means.
  • Give impetus to scientific progress and technological development.
  • Strengthen the treaties for economic, social and territorial cooperation among member countries.
  • Promote equality among all citizens.
  • Promote solidarity between countries, proper handling of disaster relief.
  • Promote respect for cultural diversity.
  • Guarantee respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and the freedom of all citizens.
  • Respect the rule of law and defend democracy.

Government Authorities of Rome

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The governmental authorities of Rome based their authority on institutions and popular representatives that concentrated the power of the Republic, directed towards a very well organized expansionist policy.

Government of ancient Rome

Rome’s political power actors determined well-defined lines of authority consisting of institutions representing the various strata of existing social classes.

The authorities of the Government of Rome were organized in such a way that the Emperor was the highest authority, who came to have absolute autonomy to decide on matters relevant to the Republic.

The vast territory of the Roman Empire began a series of stages in which four forms of government were presented, each with their respective representatives and government authorities, these are the Monarchy, Republic, Principality and Dominated.

The king

In the monarchical stage the King was the highest governmental authority, had powers and competences in all political, social and military fields within Rome.

It was a lifetime position, where he was a legislator and judge, during wartime he was also the Supreme Commander of the Army.

In the case of the death of the monarch, the Government of Rome passed to the Senators, who took turns to hold office until a new King was elected.

The emperor

After the Republic stage ended, a new figure of power called the Emperor emerged.

The authority of the emperor concentrated individual and collective powers with competence in all areas, it also had independence from the institutions. He exercised sovereignly, with power over any government matter.

The Consuls

The Consuls were representatives of the authority in Rome, they exercised government functions, with specific powers and under the authorization of the members of the Senate, to whom they were accountable for their performance.

They had participation at the political level, intervened in military decisions, and controlled each other in their functions, to reduce the possibility of abuses of power.

In the event that the Republic was under threat or imminent danger of invasion, declared war or any other risk to the citizens, the Consuls resorted to appointing a Dictator.

This position required the person to have military and political experience, since she was responsible for defending the nation, having absolute authority and independence in her decisions.

The Senate

The main function of the Senate was to advise the decisions of the King or the Emperor. It was a collegiate organization, in which the representatives of each civil group recognized in Rome exercised political functions.

The members of the Senate were appointed by the highest authority of the government, who added members according to their convenience to achieve political favors.

The Senate enjoyed moral authority, which is why they were considered wise people, of whom it was prudent to have their support. This is why the King and the Emperor requested his opinion on delicate matters of State.

The Roman Assemblies

The Roman Assemblies laid the foundations of modern democracy. In this governmental institution in Rome, the members had the right to vote, although with the particularity that it was paid in a grouped way by social stratum and economic level.

The Roman town was divided in Curias, which were directed by a called leader Curio Maximus or Curión, who had political and religious authority.

The Magistracies

Once the Monarchy stage was over, a series of magistracies emerged, which were organized according to the authority and competence of their members. Among these groups (collegiate) are:

  • Censors, were in charge of carrying out the registration of citizens.
  • Quaestors, accountants by profession who collected taxes and performed public administration tasks.
  • Praetors, were in charge of administering justice according to Roman Law.
  • Ediles, organized maintenance and were dedicated to managing supplies and cleaning the city.
  • Tribune of the Plebe, was the one who looked after the interests of the commoners, against the authorities of Rome.

Rome civil organizations

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The civil organizations of Rome represented the interests of the nation for the well-being of its citizens, contributing to the political and social organization of the entire territory, with the ideal of building a strong republic with solid participatory foundations.

Roman society

Civil organizations are organized structures that seek to establish conventions within the social environment, acting as support to the government of the nation.

The common characteristic of this type of institution is that they seek to obtain collective benefits by making concrete social objectives possible, bringing together individuals who share the same purpose and pursue goals with similar purposes.

In Rome, civil organizations acted according to the type of citizenship possessed by the people who made it up. The existing social classes determined what your status was, your rights and duties, as well as the institutions to which you could belong.

There were two types of social classes, the Patricians who owned most of the land, property and influence in political power and the commoners, who had to organize to get some of the basic rights recognized for their citizens.

Civil organizations based the Roman economy on a slave production system, where labor was obtained that was paid for with food, without enjoying any social rights or privileges.

Citizen groups

During the time of the Roman Empire, divisions of social groups arose that formed the basis of the institutions and civil organizations of Rome:

  • Roman citizens were those born in Rome, people who enjoyed all the privileges according to Roman Law.
  • Latinos, were the inhabitants who were in the territory subject to the laws of Latin Law, whose status was inferior to that of the Romans.
  • The peregrini, was a term used freely that despite being Romans did not have any degree of citizenship.
  • Women, constituted a separate group with rights and duties different from those of their male counterparts.
  • Slaves, they were the prisoners of war of the conquered territories, they did not have civil rights, although the freed could get to obtain citizenship.

Civil institutions

The social institutions in Rome were based on citizenship, they were divided according to the economic status that a citizen had.

The social class defined the rank that corresponded to him in the army, the exemption from belonging to it and the relationships with other free members of Roman society.

The economy had civil organizations called Collegium which were a type of Roman organization that was governed by its own statutes, where its competence, the performance of its members and the objective of the institution were established.

These institutions used to group citizens voluntarily, according to their needs and characteristics, to demand rights and other privileges.

Republican Institutions in Rome

In Rome there were a series of representative government institutions, some were the exclusive competence of the patricians, which evolved due to the intervention of the commoners, who by the fact of paying taxes and serving in the army were acquiring more participation.

The main institutions were the following:

  • The elections: Assemblies of Roman citizens who had the possibility to express their opinion and vote to elect representatives of public office or the participation of the nation in the conquest of new territories.
  • The magistracies: Political posts with well-defined functions, among which the collegiate and the elected stood out. They were made up of political figures such as the Consul, Praetor, Aedile, Quaestor, the Censors and the Tribune of the plebs.
  • The Senate: It was the most important institution of civil organizations in Rome. Its operation was that of a superior council that was in charge of advising and directing the legislation of the acting magistrates.He could determine the functions of public officials, establish laws, and direct the foreign policy of the nation.The Roman Senate had some 300 life members, all with political careers as former magistrates, who stood out for their education, fortune, power, and social position.